Rare presentations of cancer can include metastases to the orbit through hematogenous dissemination. The uveal tract is a highly vascular complex made from the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. Importantly, the eye contains the blood-retinal barrier, analogous to the blood-brain barrier. However, the choroid layer lies outside retinal pigment epithelial tight junctions and is therefore exposed to unimpeded drug delivery from the vasculature [1]. One of the most common sources of choroidal metastases is primary lung cancer, with 88% of lung metastases to the eye involving the choroid, with an associated overall survival at one-year of 54% [2]. Consequently, choroidal metastases (CM) of unknown origin are often treated similarly to lung cancer as the clinical, imaging, and histopathologic features of choroidal lesions frequently resemble those seen in lung cancer patients [3,4]. The prognosis for carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) with CM is generally poor, with median overall survival ranging from 3 to 12 months, as patients tend to present with advanced and disseminated disease [5,6].

The patient involved in this case report has given his informed consent authorizing the use and disclosure of his health information.

Evaluation by ophthalmology revealed an amelanotic right choroidal lesion (1.04 × 1.15×.31 cm, Figure 1). The patient had 20/20‐1 vision bilaterally with full visual fields.

MRI Orbit on Day 0 (Figure 2A) confirmed an enhancing plaque along the posterior-lateral wall of his right globe. A CT Chest (Day 2) demonstrated a right middle lobe (RML) (0.5cm) and right upper lobe (RUL) nodule (0.2cm). The patient underwent intraophthalmic choroidal biopsy (Day 44). Pathology read as scant atypical cells, with few cells showing ‘neuroendocrine-like nuclear features.’ A DOTATATE PET (Positron Emission Tomography) on Day 64 was performed, which showed mild avidity in the right globe mass (SUV 2.6, Krenning 1) (Figure 3A), a nonavid RML nodule (0.5cm, below PET resolution) and RUL nodule (0.2cm), and a mildly avid left iliac crest lesion (1cm) (Figure 3B, C). The patient subsequently underwent a right choroidal fine-needle aspiration (FNA) on Day 69, with pathology read as metastatic carcinoma, compatible with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Notably, the histology did not resemble a retinal pigment epithelium tumor and was positive for CK7 and TTF1 but negative for PD-L1, thyroglobulin, PAX8, CD20, GATA3, CD3, and Melan-A. CK20 was only weakly focally positive. Synaptophysin highlighted pieces of retina but not the tumor. Molecular testing showed no actionable mutation in EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, or HER2. Unfortunately, testing for ALK, RET, ROS1, NTRK1/3 and MET was inconclusive due to insufficient sample. A left iliac biopsy (Day 113, Figure 4) and mediastinal lymph node (4R) FNA biopsy (Day 114) were also read as carcinoma showing CK7 and TTF1 positivity. An insufficient sample of tumor was procured for sequencing; however, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was negative for EGFR, ALK, ROS, and BRAF driver mutations. No PD-L1 expression (0%) was observed. The patient was discussed in a multidisciplinary tumor board with the ultimate determination that this was metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary, but most likely of pulmonary origin and to treat as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Following tumor board discussion, treatment was initiated with carboplatin (AUC 6), paclitaxel (200mg/m²), and pembrolizumab (200mg) every 21 days (C1D1 on Day 125) for 4 cycles, with pembrolizumab continued as maintenance after cycle 4. Alternative therapies considered included a palliative approach with chemotherapy alone, but age, functional status, limited extent of disease, and the patient’s wishes to pursue an aggressive therapeutic approach led to the chosen treatment protocol. Paclitaxel was chosen over pemetrexed as the taxane used because it was deemed to cover more histologies in the event that the cancer was not actually of bronchopulmonary origin. Patient completed stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) (Day 173) with 36 Gray (Gy) in 4 fractions (fx) to the right orbit lesion. Following cycle 4, he was placed on pembrolizumab maintenance. PET (Day 211) showed an interval increase in L iliac crest lesion and increased conspicuity of R lung base grouped nodularity, but otherwise stable R paratracheal (0.7cm) and mediastinal (0.4cm) lymph nodes and a decreased RML (0.3cm) pulmonary nodule. He also completed radiation to the left iliac (Day 252, 50Gy in 5 fx), RML (Day 252, 50Gy in 5 fx), and mediastinal nodes (Day 273, 40Gy in 10 fx). However, he began having rib pain and PET/CT (Day 293) showed a new lesion in the left 4th rib and RLL, as well as an increase in additional right pulmonary nodules, concerning for progression. Concurrently, MRI Brain (Day 324) had also shown a new left frontal gyrus lesion. Given his age and continued limited disease involvement, an oligometastatic approach was used, and the patient completed radiation to the left chest wall (Day 313, 50Gy in 5 fx) and left frontal operculum (Day 337, 1 fx). Pembrolizumab was stopped (last dose on Day 315) due to radiographic progression, and he was started (C1D1 on Day 344) on carboplatin (AUC 5), pemetrexed (500mg/m²), and bevacizumab (15mg/kg) every 21 days for 4 cycles, with pemetrexed and bevacizumab continued as maintenance after cycle 4. Pemetrexed and bevacizumab were held after 14 cycles (last dose on Day 743) in preparation for cataract removal of the right eye, and he was subsequently placed on surveillance with MRI Brain and PET imaging every 3 months.

He developed eye pain, and MRI orbit (Day 1123, Figure 2B) showed right optic nerve enhancement, which was new from previous imaging and felt secondary to prior radiotherapy. He received one dose of intraocular bevacizumab injection, which completely resolved the pain. The patient had developed blindness in his right eye after initial treatment, but remained with 20/20 vision on the left. He maintained his employment and continues with regular follow-up and surveillance imaging every 3 months. His scans as of Day 1563 show no evidence of recurrence.

Given CUP with CM tends to present with late, advanced, and disseminated disease, the general treatment protocol is palliative, focusing on symptom control and vision preservation. For most patients, external beam radiotherapy is the standard local treatment for symptomatic choroidal metastases, with systemic therapy including platinum- or taxane-based chemotherapy used for widespread disease [7]. Systemic therapy for CM of CUP often mirrors lung cancer regimens because empirical chemotherapy and targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy in controlling both systemic and ocular disease in lung cancer patients [8-10]. For metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, platinum-based chemotherapy with PD-1 blockade is the standard first-line treatment; however, data regarding CM in the age of immunotherapy are limited. Recently, Li et al presented a case of a 65-year-old male patient with NSCLC and CM who demonstrated ultrasonic regression, improved visual acuity, and symptomatic relief after treatment with pemetrexed and capecitabine plus pembrolizumab [11]. A second case report by Matsuyama et al describes treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab plus chemotherapy, which resulted in symptomatic improvement and no relapse at 18 months follow-up [12]. These isolated cases underscore both the rarity of CM and the need for evidence-guided management strategies.

Bevacizumab, an extracellular VEGF-A inhibitor, has strong anti-angiogenic properties and has been used to treat CM from pulmonary, breast, and colorectal metastases. For instance, Riess JW et al described a case series of 3 patients with NSCLC and CM who were treated with a backbone of platinum-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab [13]. The first patient received SRS to the symptomatic CM with improved vision and 12 months of progression-free survival. The second patient was found to have CM after right eye vision loss. This vision normalized following whole-brain radiotherapy that included the choroidal regions. Thereafter, the patient received 14 cycles of chemotherapy followed by erlotinib for a discovered EGFR mutation and progression. The third patient tolerated 16 months of chemotherapy followed by a recurrence of CM, which was treated with an ALK inhibitor for a found translocation. Furthermore, George et al reported on a 42-year-old female patient diagnosed with NSCLC with CM who achieved complete response of her 1.2cm CM following 3 cycles of carboplatin, gemcitabine, and bevacizumab, and was still alive with reported normal vision following her 7th maintenance dose of bevacizumab [14].

In the case of our patient, timely referral to ophthalmology led to recognition of a uveal lesion within three weeks of symptom onset. PET imaging can be helpful in defining dominant lesions and disease burden but histologic evaluation is necessary to guide diagnosis. In situations such as ours, where the primary site cannot be readily identified from imaging, judicious use of immunohistochemistry and molecular profiling is called for. In the era of immunotherapeutics, the median survival of newly diagnosed NSCLC without targetable mutation ranges from 14 to 22 months [15,16]. At the time of writing, our patient has survived 4 years with no radiographic or clinical signs of recurrence. While we must be careful not to read too much into an isolated case, it is the authors’ belief that an aggressive oligometastatic approach with multimodality salvage options may be best for all NSCLC patients or patients with suspected primary lung malignancy who initially present with choroid disease and limited disease elsewhere.

As presented, this case illustrates an innovative management strategy for choroidal metastasis in the era of immunotherapy. While prior reports describe short-term responses to chemotherapy, anti-VEGF therapy, or immune checkpoint inhibitors, none have documented long-term survival following an oligometastatic approach that was applied both at diagnosis and after systemic progression. Our patient’s survival of more than 4 years exceeds historical expectations for metastatic NSCLC without targetable alterations or PD-1 expression and highlights the potential benefits of aggressive local therapy even at the cost of vision.

The substantial collaboration required to execute this treatment approach is equally important. Coordination between imaging, multiple ophthalmologic biopsies, and subspecialty pathologic review was essential for diagnosis. Treatment required communication between medical and radiation oncology to prioritize systemic control while delivering targeted radiation to multiple metastatic sites. This approach reflects the real-world practice and serves as a model for clinicians managing similarly rare and complex presentations.

CM remains an uncommon presentation of systemic malignancy, and contemporary management is challenged by the absence of evidence-based guidelines that reflect the current era of immunotherapy. Our case demonstrates that even after progression on checkpoint inhibitors, carefully selected patients may achieve prolonged survival through a coordinated multimodality approach that integrates systemic therapy with site-directed radiation. This experience suggests that CM should not automatically be considered a purely palliative entity, particularly when disease burden is low and lesions are anatomically accessible for local therapy.

More broadly, this report emphasizes the importance of early ophthalmologic evaluation for unexplained visual symptoms, the value of thorough systemic staging when CM is suspected, and the critical role of multidisciplinary collaboration involving medical oncology, radiation oncology, and ophthalmology. As prior published cases predate modern immunotherapy, this case highlights an unmet need for updated clinical guidance on managing CM in patients who have progressed on or failed to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors.